Introduction
The Significance of WW1 Shell Cases
The Great War, a conflict that engulfed the world, left an indelible mark on history. Its legacy is etched in the battlefields, the memoirs, and the artifacts that remain. Among the most tangible remnants of this global struggle are the spent shell cases, silent witnesses to the artillery barrages that defined the era. Identifying these WW1 German shell cases is a rewarding pursuit for collectors, historians, and anyone fascinated by the weaponry of the past.
Purpose of this Guide
This article serves as a comprehensive guide to help you understand and identify these historical objects, unlocking a deeper understanding of the conflict and the technology of the time.
Importance of Shell Case Study
The collection and study of shell cases offer a direct connection to the soldiers and the battles they fought. Each case, from the common to the unusual, can tell a story about the type of ammunition used, the manufacturer, and even the specific date of production. This information allows historians to reconstruct the types of battles and the supplies required, while providing a crucial link between the past and the present. Our goal is to provide a practical approach to identifying these artifacts, and guide you through the features, markings, and resources that will transform you from a casual observer into an informed identifier of these compelling relics of the First World War.
Types of German Shell Cases Used in WWI
High Explosive (HE) Shells
One of the most important starting points is understanding the types of ammunition the Germans utilized. These shell cases were not all created equal; they were designed for specific purposes, and each type carries its own set of characteristics.
High Explosive (HE) shells were the workhorses of the German artillery, designed to deliver devastating blasts. These shells, when detonated by a fuse, would explode, scattering fragments and shrapnel to inflict casualties and damage enemy positions. Often, high explosive shells can be identified by their robust construction. Some of the common calibers used by Germany during the war include 7.7cm, 10.5cm, and 15cm. When examining an HE shell case, look for a solid base plug which often is brass or steel and carefully examine the threaded portion where the fuse would have been.
Smoke Shells
Smoke shells, deployed to obscure enemy movements or create localized cover, were another important type of ammunition. These shells are designed to emit a cloud of smoke upon impact or at a set altitude. Identifying these shells might depend on specific markings or, in some cases, unique designs. The shell case is designed to house a smoke generating substance, which may differ depending on the type of smoke required, and this affects the identification process.
Gas Shells
Gas shells, a particularly devastating weapon of the First World War, carried lethal chemical agents. These shells, when detonated, would release poisonous gas clouds. The threat posed by these weapons means extreme caution is required when encountering any item suspected of being a gas shell. The markings, the construction, and any unusual features must be examined carefully, and they should always be handled with great care. Never attempt to dismantle or modify a suspected gas shell. If in doubt, it is best to consult with an expert.
Illumination Shells
Illumination shells provided a means of lighting up the battlefield at night. These shells, when fired, contained a flare that would be deployed via a parachute. The remains of these shells are often identified by their distinct markings. Illumination shells and their casings provide a glimpse into the night battles of the Great War.
Shrapnel Shells
Shrapnel shells were designed to release a burst of small projectiles upon impact. These projectiles, or “shrapnel balls”, were meant to be sprayed out to create a cone of injuries aimed at enemy personnel. These shells differ from HE shells because they contain a cavity filled with shrapnel and a bursting charge. The case itself might have markings that identify this purpose.
Key Identification Features
Headstamps and Markings
Identifying the WW1 German shell cases is greatly assisted by a proper understanding of the markings. Headstamps, found at the base of the shell case, are essentially the “birth certificates” of the case. These stamps provide important information such as the manufacturer, the year of manufacture, and sometimes the type of shell. Familiarizing yourself with common German manufacturer codes is crucial. “DWM” (Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken), “GEG” (Gesellschaft für Entwicklungs- und Gebrauchsgüter), and many others were prominent manufacturers. These codes, along with date codes, provide essential clues to the case’s origins.
Examine the headstamp carefully. You will often find not only the manufacturer’s mark and the date, but also the caliber of the shell. The caliber indicates the size of the gun from which it was fired. Another key part is how the headstamp might indicate the shell type. Some headstamps have a specific letter or code which informs the viewer about the shell’s original purpose.
Base Plugs and Fuses
Base plugs and fuses also offer critical clues. The design and type of base plug often correlate with the type of shell. Fuse types vary significantly, from simple impact fuses to more complex time-delay fuses. Understanding these different fuse mechanisms and their threading is essential for proper identification. The type of fuse fitted, or the remaining threads, can indicate the shell type and the way in which it was intended to function.
Body Markings
Beyond the headstamp, markings found on the body of the shell case offer valuable insights. Band marks, which can include driving bands and sealing bands, were designed to engage with the rifling in the barrel. The driving bands are typically made from copper, and these features are essential to the correct identification. Other body markings, such as paint or stenciling, might indicate the type of shell, its intended use, or even the specific batch it came from. These markings can sometimes fade over time, so close inspection is required.
Material & Construction
The materials and construction used in the shells contribute to their identification. The composition of the brass is a key element for identification. During WW1, brass and steel were used extensively for case manufacturing. Over time, the brass can develop a patina, and the color can change. Compare the case to reference photos to identify its material composition and gauge its age.
Tools and Resources for Identification
Recommended Tools
To successfully identify WW1 German shell cases, you’ll need the right tools. A good set of calipers is essential for accurate measurement. A magnifying glass will help you examine the headstamps and other markings in detail. A ruler or measuring tape will enable you to note the case dimensions, which can aid in identification. Also, it’s a good idea to have a cleaning solution for conservation. Always follow proper safety protocols when cleaning artifacts, using gloves and other protective equipment. Never attempt to clean a shell case aggressively, as you risk damaging the surface.
Online Resources and Databases
The internet and various databases and publications can be invaluable resources. Researching and cross-referencing the markings you find on a shell case with established databases or reference books is a great way to refine your identification skills. There are many websites and forums dedicated to the study of WW1 militaria where you can consult other collectors and experts.
Safety Precautions
Handling Old Ordnance Safely
Safety is paramount when dealing with these historical items. While most shell cases encountered today will be inert, the potential for encountering live ammunition or hazardous components remains. Do not handle any item that could be a gas shell, or show evidence of being live, without proper training. The best practice is to treat every item with respect and caution. Any shell cases that appear to be in questionable condition should be assessed by a qualified expert. Always dispose of any dangerous items responsibly through the appropriate channels, which might include contacting local authorities or ordnance disposal units.
Collecting and Preservation
Guidelines for Responsible Collecting
Collecting is a rewarding hobby, but ethical collecting is key. When collecting WW1 German shell cases, always respect the historical context. Avoid removing items from known battlefield sites, and instead, source your pieces from reputable dealers or private collections. Be aware of the legal implications and regulations surrounding the collection of military artifacts in your area.
Display and Storage Recommendations
Display your collection thoughtfully. Shell cases can be displayed in various ways, but it’s important to do so in a safe and respectful manner. Store them in a dry environment, away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures, to prevent corrosion and damage. Properly labeled displays will not only showcase your collection but also offer an educational element to interested visitors.
Conclusion
Recap of Key Identification Points
In conclusion, the identification of WW1 German shell cases is a fascinating and informative undertaking. By understanding the different types of shells, the markings, and the tools available, you can unlock a wealth of historical knowledge. Shell case identification is not just about cataloging; it’s about connecting with the stories of the soldiers, the battles, and the times in which they lived.
The Value of Shell Case Identification
The journey of learning about these cases is a rewarding one. By constantly researching and learning, the historical context of the shell cases will become even more apparent. So, arm yourself with knowledge and a sense of respect, and embark on the journey of unraveling the mysteries held within these compelling relics of the Great War.
