Safety First: A Non-Negotiable Pre-Disassembly Checklist
Verify Unloaded
The most critical step is to confirm that the AR-15 is unloaded. This means removing the magazine and visually inspecting the chamber to ensure it’s empty. Open the bolt and physically check the chamber to verify that there are no cartridges present. Use a flashlight if necessary to ensure thorough inspection.
Safe Direction
Always point the muzzle of the AR-15 in a safe direction, away from any people, pets, or anything you wouldn’t want to accidentally damage. This safe direction should ideally be a designated “safe zone” in your workspace, or in an area where you are sure no unintended harm can come.
Open and Lock the Bolt
After confirming the AR-15 is unloaded, pull the charging handle to the rear, and lock the bolt back. This provides a visual indication that the action is open and minimizes any risk of accidental discharge during disassembly. The bolt should remain locked open throughout the disassembly process, until the very end when you prepare to reassemble the AR-15.
In addition to these procedural safety checks, always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). Safety glasses are an absolute necessity to protect your eyes from any potential debris. Consider using hearing protection, especially if you are working in an enclosed space. Choose a well-lit workspace to ensure clear visibility of the parts and their intricacies. Make sure your work area is free from clutter and potential distractions.
Essential Tools and Materials to Have Ready
Successfully disassembling and reassembling an AR-15 requires the right tools and materials. Gathering these items beforehand will streamline the process and prevent unnecessary delays.
Punch Set
A good-quality punch set is vital. These punches are designed to carefully drive out pins without damaging the firearm. The set should include a variety of sizes, but generally, roll pin punches are necessary.
AR-15 Specific Tools
Certain tools are specific to the AR-15 platform. An AR-15 armorer’s wrench is invaluable for various tasks, such as removing the barrel nut. A bolt catch pin tool can make removing and reinstalling the bolt catch pin considerably easier.
Cleaning Rod and Bore Brush
These are used for cleaning the barrel. Select a cleaning rod and brush that are specifically designed for the caliber of your AR-15.
Cleaning Solvents and Lubricants
The appropriate cleaning solvents and lubricants are essential for maintaining the firearm. Use solvents to dissolve carbon and residue, and lubricants to keep moving parts operating smoothly. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for each product.
Cleaning Patches or Rags
These are used to wipe down parts and apply cleaning solvents and lubricants. Ensure you have a generous supply of clean patches or rags available.
Small Container or Tray
This is very helpful for keeping parts organized, especially the small pins and springs. Label the container so that, should any part get misplaced or lost, you know where to go.
While these are the essentials, a few optional tools can simplify the process. A vise with padded jaws can hold the upper receiver securely during disassembly. A torque wrench is also important for ensuring proper barrel nut installation.
It is crucial to avoid using the wrong tools, as this can damage your AR-15. For example, using a regular screwdriver instead of a punch may deform or damage the pins. Using abrasive cleaners can also damage the finish of some parts.
Separating the Upper and Lower Receivers
Now we will begin the disassembly process of the AR-15. Remember to always put safety first and to pay attention. This is the basic step where the upper receiver, which houses the barrel and bolt carrier group, is separated from the lower receiver, which contains the trigger mechanism and stock.
Remove the Magazine
Before anything else, make sure the magazine is removed. This ensures the firearm cannot be loaded, even accidentally.
Verify the Chamber is Clear
After removing the magazine, pull the charging handle to the rear and visually inspect the chamber. Again, make absolutely sure there is no ammunition in the chamber. Lock the bolt to the rear.
Separating the Receivers
Locate the takedown pin and the pivot pin, both of which connect the upper and lower receivers. Using a punch, push out the takedown pin. Then, push out the pivot pin. At this stage, the upper receiver and lower receiver will be separate.
The upper receiver houses the barrel, bolt carrier group, and charging handle, providing the platform for firing the ammunition. The lower receiver contains the trigger mechanism, fire control group, and stock attachment. The separation of the upper and lower receivers allows access to these components for maintenance and cleaning.
Removing the Bolt Carrier Group (BCG)
After you have opened and separated the receivers, carefully remove the bolt carrier group from the upper receiver by pulling it straight back and out. The BCG is the heart of the AR-15’s operating system, containing the bolt, firing pin, and other critical components.
Removing the Charging Handle
After removing the BCG, the charging handle can simply be pulled to the rear and then upward, out of the upper receiver.
Disassembling the Bolt Carrier Group: A Closer Look
Disassembly of the bolt carrier group (BCG) provides access to the bolt, extractor, firing pin, and other critical parts. Understanding the construction of this group is important.
Removing the Firing Pin Retaining Pin
The first step is to remove the firing pin retaining pin. This small pin holds the firing pin in place. Use a punch to carefully push the pin out.
Removing the Firing Pin
After the retaining pin is removed, the firing pin can be removed by simply pushing it out of the back of the bolt carrier.
Removing the Bolt from the Carrier
Now, turn the bolt carrier over and remove the cam pin by rotating it ninety degrees and pulling it out. Then, the bolt can be pulled out from the front of the carrier.
Removing the Extractor
Use a punch or other appropriate tool to depress the extractor pin. This releases the extractor, which is the component that grips the rim of the cartridge case to extract it from the chamber.
Removing the Ejector
If further disassembly is desired, the ejector can be removed by pressing down on its spring with a punch and then removing the ejector.
Taking Apart the Lower Receiver: A Field Strip Level
Disassembly of the lower receiver to the field strip level provides access to the buffer and spring. For more extensive disassembly, we may proceed to further levels but a basic understanding of this helps maintain the firearm.
Removing the Buffer and Spring
The buffer and spring are contained within the buffer tube. First, you must separate the upper and lower receivers, as you did previously. Then, push the buffer retainer down while removing the buffer and spring assembly from the buffer tube. This will require care as the spring is under tension.
Removing the Pistol Grip
Removing the pistol grip is optional, but it can facilitate access to the trigger components for cleaning. Use an appropriate screwdriver to remove the grip screw and detach the grip.
Reassembly: Putting It All Back Together
Reassembly is the reverse of the disassembly process. It is crucial to follow the steps in reverse order, paying careful attention to detail.
Bolt Carrier Group Reassembly
Reassemble the bolt carrier group by reversing the steps we did during the disassembly. Insert the bolt into the carrier. Insert the extractor into the bolt. Install the firing pin. Secure the firing pin with the retaining pin.
Charging Handle Reinstallation
Reinsert the charging handle.
Upper Receiver Reinstallation
Reinstall the bolt carrier group into the upper receiver.
Lower Receiver Reinstallation
Reattach the upper receiver to the lower receiver. Insert the pivot pin. Insert the takedown pin.
Function Check
After reassembly, always perform a function check. Verify the firearm cycles correctly, the trigger operates as it should, and all safety mechanisms are functioning properly. This ensures the firearm is safe and ready for use.
Cleaning and Maintenance for Optimal Performance
After disassembly and reassembly, regular cleaning and maintenance are crucial to ensure the AR-15 functions reliably and safely.
General Cleaning Recommendations
After each use, thoroughly clean the firearm. Use the appropriate cleaning solvent and bore brush to clean the barrel. Wipe down all parts with a clean cloth. This removes carbon buildup and prevents corrosion.
Cleaning the Bolt Carrier Group
The bolt carrier group should be cleaned after each range session or when carbon and debris accumulate. Disassemble the BCG, clean each part, and then reassemble it.
Lubrication Recommendations
Lubrication is essential to minimize friction, prevent wear, and ensure smooth operation. Apply lubricant to the appropriate parts. Lightly lubricate the bolt carrier group, trigger components, and other moving parts with high-quality gun oil.
Frequency of Cleaning and Maintenance
The frequency of cleaning and maintenance depends on how often you use the firearm and the conditions in which it is used. Clean and lubricate after each range session. Inspect the AR-15 regularly for wear and tear.
Troubleshooting Common Disassembly and Reassembly Issues
During disassembly and reassembly, you might encounter some common issues. Here are some tips for handling these problems:
Pin Resistance
If you are having trouble removing a pin, make sure you’re using the correct size punch and that you are applying steady, even pressure. Sometimes the pin may have been installed tightly.
Lost Parts
Keep track of small parts during disassembly. Use a container to hold the parts to avoid losing them.
Difficulty in Reassembly
If you are having trouble reassembling the AR-15, stop and review the disassembly steps to make sure you have not missed anything. Check that all parts are in the correct order.
Stuck Parts
If any parts seem stuck, avoid forcing them. Identify the cause of the problem and then address the underlying issue.
In Conclusion
Disassembling an AR-15 can appear complex at first. However, by following this step-by-step guide, the process becomes manageable, and the advantages are substantial. Proper disassembly, reassembly, and maintenance are critical to ensuring the safe and reliable function of this popular rifle. Practicing the disassembly and reassembly process will increase your familiarity with the AR-15, your confidence in its operation, and ultimately, your enjoyment of owning and shooting this versatile firearm.
Remember that a thorough understanding of your firearm is essential for safe and responsible ownership.
