The Genesis of Iver Johnson
From the late nineteenth century through the early twentieth, a name that resonated with firearm enthusiasts and everyday citizens alike was Iver Johnson. More than just a maker of revolvers, Iver Johnson Arms & Cycle Works carved a niche in the American landscape, particularly through their commitment to safety and reliable design. This guide delves into the fascinating world of Iver Johnson revolver models, exploring their history, mechanical intricacies, and the factors that make them sought-after collectibles today.
Early Designs: The Black Powder Era
The initial revolvers produced by Iver Johnson were designed to utilize black powder ammunition. This was the standard propellant of the era, and Iver Johnson quickly adapted their designs to meet the demands of these firearms.
The Safety Hammer Revolvers: A Hallmark of Design
A defining feature of many early Iver Johnson revolvers was the “Safety Hammer” mechanism. These revolvers were designed with a unique safety feature. The hammer, when at rest, was not directly in contact with the firing pin. To fire, the user had to fully pull the hammer back, which engaged the firing pin, ensuring that the gun could only be fired intentionally. This design, quite revolutionary for its time, aimed to prevent accidental discharge, a significant concern with early firearms. These revolvers were known to be sturdy and reliable, reflecting the firm’s attention to detail.
Model Variations and Identification
Early safety hammer revolvers came in several models, often differentiated by minor variations in frame design, grip shape, and overall finish. Identifying these models often involves a keen eye and a willingness to research. Frame markings and serial numbers provide clues to production dates and the specific model. A deep understanding of these distinctions can be critical for collectors aiming to acquire the rarest examples.
Considerations for Black Powder
Black powder revolvers have unique maintenance requirements. The residues from black powder are corrosive, so these guns require more frequent and thorough cleaning compared to their smokeless powder counterparts. Proper cleaning involves removing all residue, lubricating moving parts, and paying close attention to the bore. Safety is also paramount when handling black powder, it is critical to only load and fire these revolvers in accordance with safe practices.
From Black Powder to Smokeless: A Technological Leap
The late nineteenth century witnessed a significant shift in ammunition technology, the transition to smokeless powder. This development, with its cleaner burning and more powerful characteristics, greatly impacted firearm design. Iver Johnson responded to the times by adapting and creating new designs that could safely and effectively utilize these advancements.
Transitioning to Smokeless Powder
The adoption of smokeless powder brought with it several design changes. Smokeless powder produces higher chamber pressures than black powder, therefore the guns had to be built with stronger frames, cylinders, and barrels. Iver Johnson incorporated these changes, producing revolvers that were both safe and effective with the new ammunition. This was a period of innovation, as the industry responded to the performance benefits of smokeless powder.
Popular Smokeless Powder Models
Iver Johnson produced several notable models during the smokeless powder era. Each had its distinct characteristics, designed to meet the specific needs of shooters at the time.
Top Break Designs
The top-break design, where the barrel and cylinder hinge downward for loading and ejection, was a popular format. Iver Johnson produced several revolvers in this style, offering easy loading and extraction. This design was appreciated for its convenience and speed. The top break revolvers were chambered in various calibers.
The Safety Hammerless: Concealed Carry Champion
One of the most well-known Iver Johnson models of this time was the “Safety Hammerless” revolver. The name highlighted one of its key features: a hammer that was concealed within the frame. This design was particularly popular for concealed carry, as the hammerless design reduced the risk of snagging on clothing when drawing the gun. The Safety Hammerless was also equipped with a double-action trigger, meaning that pulling the trigger both cocked the hammer and fired the gun, further enhancing its ease of use and speed of deployment.
Model 1900 and Later Variations
Iver Johnson continued to innovate with models like the Model 1900 and subsequent variations. These revolvers featured a variety of improvements, including modifications to the action and enhancements to the overall durability of the designs. Production of these models spanned several years, and identifying the exact variant can be vital for collectors.
Distinguishing Between Black Powder and Smokeless Models
It is important to accurately identify whether a revolver was designed for black powder or smokeless powder ammunition. This ensures safe use and prevents damage to the firearm. Often the markings, or their absence, can provide clues. For example, black powder revolvers will often not have any designations showing which smokeless powder they can handle. The markings on the gun’s barrel will also help you determine the correct ammunition to use.
Technological Innovations
Iver Johnson revolvers were more than just basic firearms; they incorporated a number of innovative features designed to enhance both safety and functionality. Understanding these features sheds light on the legacy of the brand.
The Hammer the Hammer Safety and Beyond
Iver Johnson’s commitment to safety was embodied in the “Hammer the Hammer” safety system. This system prevented the hammer from striking the firing pin unless the trigger was intentionally pulled. This system minimized the risk of accidental discharge. Iver Johnson also incorporated other safety features, such as rebounding hammers and transfer bars.
Materials and Manufacturing
The materials and construction of Iver Johnson revolvers influenced their reliability. The frames and cylinders were typically made from steel, chosen for its strength and durability. Grips varied, with materials ranging from hard rubber to wood, depending on the model and the era. The company’s attention to detail, including careful finishing and precise machining, was evident in their quality control.
Markings and Identification
Identifying Iver Johnson revolvers often involves studying the markings on the frame, barrel, and cylinder. These markings could indicate the model, caliber, manufacturer, and sometimes the date of manufacture. Knowing how to interpret these markings is essential for both collectors and those seeking to understand the history of their firearm.
Value and the Collector’s Market
Iver Johnson revolvers, especially those in good condition or with rare features, are highly sought after by collectors. Their value depends on a variety of factors.
Determining Value: The Key Factors
Condition is a paramount factor. Revolvers in excellent original condition, those with minimal wear and factory original parts, will command a premium. Rarity also plays a critical role. Limited-production models, prototypes, or variations with unusual features are highly valued. Historical significance is important. Revolvers associated with a specific event or person can be more valuable.
The Collector’s Realm
The collector’s market for Iver Johnson revolvers is active. With growing online marketplaces and arms shows, it is a rapidly growing market. Research is essential. Consulting reputable reference books, online resources, and auction records provides a solid understanding of the market prices.
Safety and Responsible Ownership
Regardless of the model, handling antique firearms requires a deep respect for their potential. Safety is paramount when dealing with any firearm, and the antique revolvers of Iver Johnson are no exception.
Handling Antique Revolvers with Care
Because of their age, antique firearms can be fragile. It is important to never assume a gun is unloaded. When examining an antique revolver, the first step is to ensure that the cylinder is empty. It is also advisable to have antique firearms inspected by a qualified gunsmith to verify their safety and function.
Ammunition and Compatibility
Modern ammunition may be dangerous in older firearms. Never assume that modern ammunition is suitable for a specific gun. Incorrect ammunition can lead to serious injury and damage the firearm. Consult reference materials and qualified gunsmiths.
Cleaning and Maintenance
Proper cleaning and maintenance of Iver Johnson revolvers is essential for preserving both their historical value and functionality. Proper cleaning tools and a good understanding of how the firearm functions will help avoid any mishaps. A thorough cleaning, including the removal of residue and the lubrication of moving parts, is a must after firing any gun.
Conclusion: The Enduring Legacy
The Iver Johnson Arms & Cycle Works left an indelible mark on American firearms history. Their revolvers, known for their reliability, safety features, and wide availability, gained a devoted following. Understanding the various Iver Johnson revolver models, from the early black powder designs to the later smokeless powder revolvers, offers a glimpse into the evolution of firearm technology and the ingenuity of a bygone era. Whether you are a collector, a history enthusiast, or simply interested in firearms, the Iver Johnson revolver models continue to hold a special place in the American narrative. The legacy of Iver Johnson resides in the enduring appeal of their revolvers.
