The Heart of the Matter: Stopping Power
Understanding Stopping Power
Understanding stopping power is critical to understanding the practical application of any firearm, whether used for hunting or self-defense. It’s not a simple metric; it’s a complex interplay of factors. It’s the ability of a projectile to incapacitate or, at the very least, severely impair a threat. While energy transfer plays a role, things like bullet construction, wound channel size, and depth of penetration are also crucial.
Comparing the .45-70
Consider the .45-70. This cartridge, born in the late 19th century, has a long and storied history. Its defining characteristic is the large diameter of the bullet – typically around 0.458 inches. Coupled with relatively heavy bullet weights, often exceeding three hundred grains, the .45-70 delivers a significant punch. The large-diameter, heavy bullets often cause significant tissue disruption, which can translate into effective stopping power, especially against larger game. The muzzle energy, while varying depending on the specific load and rifle, is generally substantial. The sheer momentum of the bullet is a defining factor.
Comparing the Twelve Gauge Slug
Now, let’s turn our attention to the twelve gauge shotgun firing a slug. The twelve gauge, a ubiquitous weapon with a wide array of applications, can deliver devastating force when loaded with a slug. Slugs typically have a diameter close to .730 inches, significantly larger than even the .45-70. These projectiles are frequently heavier as well, contributing to a potentially higher muzzle energy. Different slug designs, from the classic Foster slug to more modern sabot slugs, also influence performance. Sabot slugs, often used with rifled barrels, can offer enhanced accuracy and potentially more controlled expansion upon impact. The size and impact of a twelve-gauge slug creates a significant wound channel, often leading to rapid incapacitation in a close-quarters self-defense scenario or against larger game.
Wound Channel and Penetration Comparisons
Examining the wound channels and penetration depths produced by both cartridges is where the differences start to be noticeable. The .45-70, while potent, often produces a wound channel that is wider but potentially less deep when compared to the best of modern slug designs. However, the large diameter still creates substantial trauma. With a properly constructed slug the twelve gauge, the penetration can be more consistent, particularly with a rifled barrel and a sabot slug. This difference is especially important for self-defense scenarios where sufficient penetration is key to disable a threat.
Stopping Power Summary
In summary, the twelve gauge slug and the .45-70 both offer significant stopping power. The specific application and ammunition used heavily influence which will be more effective. The twelve-gauge slug, particularly with modern designs, may have a slight edge in terms of wound channel characteristics and penetration, especially against larger animals or in the hands of a skilled shooter.
The Long and Short of Range and Accuracy
Factors for Range and Accuracy
Beyond raw stopping power, the effective range and accuracy of a firearm are critical considerations. How far can you reliably hit a target, and how consistent are your shots?
.45-70 Trajectory
The .45-70, due to its relatively slow bullet velocity and significant bullet drop, typically shines within a range of two hundred yards. However, with practice, shooters can accurately engage targets at greater distances, depending on the ballistic characteristics of the load. The trajectory of the .45-70 is characterized by a pronounced arc, meaning the bullet drops significantly over distance. Accurate shot placement requires careful consideration of bullet drop and wind conditions. Rifles with a higher quality scope will help.
Twelve Gauge Slug Trajectory
The twelve gauge, with slugs, can also be quite accurate, but again, the effective range will vary based on ammunition and the firearm. Shotguns equipped with rifled barrels and sabot slugs typically offer greater accuracy than shotguns with smooth barrels and Foster slugs. While slugs can be effective at one hundred yards and beyond, the trajectory is less predictable than a high-velocity rifle cartridge. The effective range, for practical hunting and self-defense applications, is often considered to be around one hundred yards, though skilled shooters can stretch that. As with the .45-70, accurate shooting depends on the quality of the sights, ammunition, and the shooter’s skills.
Comparing Accuracy
The overall accuracy between the .45-70 and twelve gauge slug can vary. A bolt-action or lever-action .45-70 rifle with a high-quality optic will almost always be more inherently accurate at extended ranges than a pump-action or semi-automatic twelve gauge. Shotgun accuracy can be greatly enhanced by a rifled barrel and sabot slugs. The best practice to accurately shoot both is always, practice.
Feeling the Kick: Recoil and Handling
The Impact of Recoil
The experience of recoil and how easily a firearm can be handled significantly influences both the shooter’s comfort and their ability to make quick follow-up shots. Excessive recoil can lead to flinching and poor shot placement.
.45-70 Recoil
The .45-70 is renowned for its recoil, which is substantial. The combination of a heavy bullet and significant powder charge generates a powerful push. The specific recoil impulse will depend on the weight of the rifle, the ammunition used, and the shooter’s build. Heavier rifles will absorb recoil more effectively. The good news is that the .45-70 recoil, while strong, is more of a “push” than a sharp “snap,” which can be easier for many shooters to manage than the sharper recoil of some other cartridges.
Twelve Gauge Recoil
The twelve-gauge shotgun, especially when firing slugs, also generates considerable recoil. The recoil force is typically more acute than that of the .45-70, and often feels snappier. Recoil levels vary depending on the weight of the shotgun, the load of the slug (e.g., 2 ¾ inch or 3-inch magnum), and the shooter’s grip. Recoil pads can mitigate recoil, which is useful on shotguns.
Handling Considerations
The ease of handling also influences the overall experience. .45-70 rifles come in a variety of designs, including lever-action, bolt-action, and single-shot configurations. Lever-action rifles, common in the .45-70, offer relatively quick reloading capabilities, though the shooter must work the lever for each shot. The twelve-gauge shotgun, depending on the action type (pump-action, semi-automatic), offers a quicker rate of fire. The ergonomics of the firearm, including stock design and grip, also impact handling.
Putting Them to the Test: Real-World Applications
Hunting: Matching the Tool to the Task
Hunting with the .45-70
When it comes to hunting, the .45-70 is a time-tested choice for medium-sized and large game, especially in areas with dense cover. The large bullet diameter and powerful energy delivery make it suitable for taking deer, elk, bear, and other big game. The .45-70 shines in timber and brushy areas where shots are often taken at close to moderate distances. The heavier bullet retains its energy well, even after encountering obstacles.
Hunting with the Twelve Gauge
The twelve gauge shotgun with slugs is a versatile hunting option as well. It can be effective for deer and other game at moderate ranges. The shotgun’s advantage lies in its versatility. It is a popular choice for deer and bear, in areas that permit shotgun hunting. Modern shotgun designs, like rifled barrels, improve accuracy significantly.
Self-Defense: Home Protection Considerations
For home defense, both the .45-70 and twelve gauge slug offer significant stopping power. However, there are important considerations. The potential for over-penetration is a critical concern. Both cartridges can easily penetrate multiple walls, posing a risk to family members and neighbors. Responsible self-defense requires knowledge of the firearm’s capabilities and limitations, and a deep understanding of the legal aspects of firearm use. A shorter barrel on both a rifle and a shotgun, while making the firearm easier to maneuver, can further increase the noise and recoil.
Home Defense Considerations
The twelve-gauge shotgun is a common choice for home defense. The availability of ammunition and the relatively easy handling make it accessible. The twelve gauge offers a high potential for incapacitating a threat, but responsible use is essential.
.45-70 in Self-Defense
The .45-70, with its power and potential to penetrate multiple walls, might not be the ideal choice for home defense.
Ammunition Availability and Overall Costs
Ammunition for .45-70
The availability and cost of ammunition are important practical factors. The .45-70 cartridge is readily available, though perhaps not as common as the twelve gauge shotgun shells. There is a wide range of bullet weights, designs, and brands available. The cost per round varies depending on the manufacturer, bullet type, and quantity purchased.
Ammunition for Twelve Gauge
The twelve gauge shotgun is one of the most popular firearms in the world, and consequently, ammunition is readily available. Slugs are manufactured by a great variety of companies. The cost per round is also competitive.
Firearm Costs
The cost of firearms themselves varies greatly. The .45-70 rifle is available in a range of price points. Twelve gauge shotguns are also available in varying price ranges.
Sorting the Strengths and Weaknesses
Pros and Cons for .45-70
Here is a quick overview of the relative advantages and disadvantages of each.
**For the .45-70:**
- Excellent stopping power for medium to large game; relatively manageable recoil compared to some twelve gauge loads; classic, proven cartridge.
- Substantial recoil; relatively limited effective range; potential for over-penetration in self-defense; bullet drop at extended ranges.
Pros and Cons for Twelve Gauge
**For the Twelve Gauge Slug:**
- High stopping power; versatility; readily available ammunition and firearms; faster follow-up shots possible depending on the action type.
- Significant recoil; potential for over-penetration in self-defense; effective range varies by ammunition type and firearm configuration.
A Final Assessment
Ultimately, choosing between the .45-70 and the twelve gauge slug depends on individual needs and priorities. If the primary focus is hunting medium to large game at relatively close ranges in areas with thick cover, the .45-70 is an excellent choice. Its power and effectiveness are undeniable. For self-defense, the twelve gauge slug offers a powerful solution. However, responsible use and a thorough understanding of the firearm and the legal aspects of self-defense are crucial.
A recommendation is not a one-size-fits-all approach, so consider the intended use. Consider your comfort level with recoil and the availability of ammunition in your area. Consider the local regulations that might restrict the use of these firearms for hunting or self-defense. By considering these factors, one can make an informed choice that maximizes their safety and effectiveness.
Beyond the Bullet Points
Both the .45-70 and the twelve-gauge slug are capable of delivering considerable power. The best choice hinges on understanding the capabilities of each and matching the tool to the task at hand. Always prioritize safety, responsible gun handling, and a thorough understanding of the legal and ethical considerations surrounding firearm ownership and use.
